cornborer
Запрет на пост | Редактировать | Профиль | Сообщение | Цитировать | Сообщить модератору
Churchill
Цитата:
я только не очень понимаю, зачем это нужно, искать, 17 года.... на кавказе все народы перемешивались и не раз. и не по своей воле, а в результате войн и особенно опустошительных нашествий. выжившие налаживали жизнь с нуля. тем не менее, хотите понять откуда есть пошли осетины - вот вам современный взгляд. сорри in English 
Cтатья в Annals of Human Genetics, Volume 68 Issue 6, Pages 588 - 599 Published Online: 2 Nov 2004 © 2008 University College London
Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians
Ivan Nasidze 1*, Dominique Quinque 1 , Isabelle Dupanloup 2 , Sergey Rychkov 3 , Oksana Naumova 3 , Olga Zhukova 3 , and Mark Stoneking 1
1 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany 2 Center of Integrative Genomics University of Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Dorigny, Switzerland 3 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Gubkin str.3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
Цитата:| резюме: Ossetians are a unique group in the Caucasus, in that they are the only ethnic group found on both the north and south slopes of the Caucasus, and moreover they speak an Indo-European language in contrast to their Caucasian-speaking neighbours. We analyzed mtDNA HV1 sequences, Y chromosome binary genetic markers, and Y chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) variability in three North Ossetian groups and compared these data to published data for two additional North Ossetian groups and for South Ossetians. The mtDNA data suggest a common origin for North and South Ossetians, whereas the Y-haplogroup data indicate that North Ossetians are more similar to other North Caucasian groups, and South Ossetians are more similar to other South Caucasian groups, than to each other. Also, with respect to mtDNA, Ossetians are significantly more similar to Iranian groups than to Caucasian groups. We suggest that a common origin of Ossetians from Iran, followed by subsequent male-mediated migrations from their Caucasian neighbours, is the most likely explanation for these results. Thus, genetic studies of such complex and multiple migrations as the Ossetians can provide additional insights into the circumstances surrounding such migrations. |
Цитата: Обсуждение -
North and South Ossetians are the only ethnic group found on both slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. They speak a language which belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family; hence, Ossetians are a linguistic isolate, surrounded by Caucasian-speaking populations. By surveying mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Ossetians, we sought answers to several questions concerning the origins and genetic relationships of Ossetians. First, are North and South Ossetians more genetically similar to each other, or to their geographic neighbours (i.e., Caucasian-speaking populations in the North and South Caucasus, respectively)? The results are somewhat different for mtDNA vs. the Y-chromosome. North and South Ossetians do cluster somewhat in the MDS plot based on mtDNA (Fig. 2A), which may indicate a common origin. However, for the Y-chromosome, North Ossetians are more similar to other North Caucasian populations, and South Ossetians to other South Caucasian populations, than to each other. The SAMOVA analysis also identifies a boundary between South Ossetians and other groups for the Y chromosome, but not for mtDNA. Thus, there is no indication in the Y-chromosome of a particularly close genetic relationship between N. Ossetians and S. Ossetians. If they did have a common origin in the past, it has apparently become obscured by subsequent gene flow with their geographic neighbours on the same sides of the Caucasus Mountains.
Putting together the archaeological and genetic data, and assuming a common origin of South and North Ossetians (which is supported by the mtDNA data), a plausible scenario is that "alteration" of the initial Ossetian Y-chromosome gene pool took place in North Ossetians via other North Caucasus groups. This assumption is enforced by the fact that the genetic distances between North Ossetians and South Caucasus groups are similar to those between North Ossetians and South Ossetians, but the genetic distances between North Ossetians and other North Caucasus groups are much smaller. Moreover, there are differences in genetic structures based on Y chromosome and mtDNA, as the correlation between Fst distances among pairs of Caucasus groups based on mtDNA and Y-haplogroups was not statistically significant. The different patterns observed between South and North Ossetians for the Y chromosome may also have been reinforced by the traditional patrilocal social structure of this population, leading to a higher degree of differentiation for the Y chromosome than for mtDNA.
The Ossetians speak an Iranian language; is this because they are directly descended from the Alani (an Iranian-speaking group), or is it rather that genetically the Ossetians resemble their geographic neighbours in the Caucasus, and hence replaced their ancestral Caucasian language with an Iranian language, after contact with the Alani (or another group)? Average pairwise Fst values are smaller between Ossetians and Iranians than between Ossetians and Caucasians for both mtDNA and the Y chromosome, significantly so for mtDNA, which suggests an Iranian origin of Ossetians. Subsequent and largely male-mediated migrations between Ossetians and neighbouring groups in the North and South Caucasus, respectively, would explain the greater similarity between Ossetians and Caucasians for the Y-chromosome, as discussed previously.
In conclusion, the genetic results are supported by the archaeological record, in that they reflect a common Iranian origin of South and North Ossetians, as well as a genetic footprint of ancient migrations in the North Caucasus that mostly involved male individuals. Thus, genetic studies of such complex and multiple migrations as the Ossetians can provide additional insights into the circumstances surrounding such migrations. |
Добавлено:
Чуть более ранняя статья указанных товарищей опубликована в Annals of Human Genetics (2004) vol. 68, p. 205–221
показывает, что все народы Кавказа - несут смеси гаплотипов.
Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus
I. Nasidze1,∗, E. Y. S. Ling1,2, D. Quinque1, I. Dupanloup3, R. Cordaux1, S. Rychkov4, O. Naumova4, O. Zhukova4, N. Sarraf-Zadegan5, G. A. Naderi5, S. Asgary5, S. Sardas6, D. D. Farhud7, T. Sarkisian8, C. Asadov9, A. Kerimov 9 and M. Stoneking1
1Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany; 2Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK (current address: The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK); 3Ferrara University, Department of Biology, Via L.Borsari 46,
44100, Ferrara, Italy; 4Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Gubkin str.3, 119991, Moscow, Russia; 5Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan, Iran; 6Gazi University, Toxicology Department 06330, Ankara, Turkey; 7Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6446, Iran; 8Center of Medical Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Armenia, 5/1 Zakyan Str., 375010, Yerevan, Armenia; 9Scientific-Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology, Azerbaijan Republic Ministry of Health, Gashgay Str. 87, Baku, Azerbaijan
картинка из статьи Map of the Caucasus showing the Y-SNP haplogroup frequencies. AB - Abazinians, Abk – Abkhazians, Ar – Armenians, Az – Azerbaijanians, Ch – Chechenians, Da – Darginians, Ge – Georgians, In – Ingushians, K – Georgians from Kazbegi, Ka – Kabardinians, Le Az – Lezginians from Azerbaujan, Le Dag – Lezginians from Dagestan, Os – South Ossetians, Os A – Ossetians (Ardon), Os D – Ossetians (Digora), Ru – Rutulians, Sv – Svans, Tur – Turks, Ir I – Iranians (Isfahan), Ir T – Iranians (Tehran). Population names in
boldface are from the present study, in italic from Nasidze et al. (2003), and in underlined italic from Wells et al. (2001).
обратите внимание на генетическую структуру сванов. очень близки к дагестанским народам.
Добавлено:
интересные моменты анализа вариации митохондриальной ДНК и гаплотипов Y-хромосомы из статьи опублик. в Annals of Human Genetics (2004) vol. 68, p. 205–221:
Цитата: This genetic heterogeneity does not correlate with either linguistic diversity or geographic barriers in the Caucasus. In particular, Indo-European speaking Armenians and Turkic-speaking Azerbaijanians are genetically most closely related (for both mtDNA and the Y-chromosome) to other Caucasus groups and not to other Indo-European or Turkicspeaking
groups (Figures 2A, 2B). Moreover, linguistic classifications of the Caucasus groups correspond poorly with their genetic structure (Table 4). |
Здорово, да! Ситуация, как с евреями/арабами. Получается лучшие враги - братья  вот и у нас со славянами поляками так же. вспомним опять-же хорватов и сербов
Цитата: Although geographic classifications do provide a better fit to the genetic structure (Table 4), correlations between genetic and geographic distances between groups were statistically non-significant. We also did not detect any influence of the Caucasus Mountains as a significant geographic barrier; the average genetic distances between North and South Caucasus groups for mtDNA (Fst = 0.019) and Y-haplogroups (Fst = 0.190) were comparable to the average genetic distances within geographic groups (North Caucasus: mtDNA Fst = 0.024, Y-haplogroup Fst = 0.185; South Caucasus: mtDNA Fst = 0.026, Y-haplogroup Fst = 0.195). Instead, the spatial analysis of molecular variance (Figure 3 and Table 5) identified a
few outlier populations for each genetic system that partially overlapped. Almost all of these outliers are small, isolated populations residing in the highland region of the Caucasus and hence are likely to have undergone genetic drift. In sum, there is no evidence that the Caucasus Mountains have served as a barrier to gene flow. |
Ну и это тоже понятно. Для человека кавказский хребет - не препятствие
Выводы из статьи:
Цитата: To explain why mtDNA variation (but not the Y-chromosome) places the Caucasus in an intermediate position between Europe andWest Asia, we suggest that this reflects a common ancestry of Caucasus and European populations. This common ancestry could date back to pre-Neolithic times, as suggested by Renfrew (Renfrew, 1992) who considered Caucasian languages to reflect human dispersal over 15,000 years ago. Or, it could reflect a route for Neolithic farmers from the Near East to Europe via the Caucasus. There are several
securely-dated Neolithic sites in the Caucasus that are 6,000-7,000 years old (Masson & Merpert, 1982; Muskhelishvili, 1977), which pre-date or coincide with the appearance of agriculture in Europe. Regardless of whether the close relationship between European and Caucasian groups reflects pre-Neolithic or Neolithic events, more recent, primarily male-mediated migrations from West Asia to the Caucasus would have reduced the signature of a common Europe-Caucasus genetic ancestry for the Y-chromosome, but not for mtDNA (Nasidze et al. 2003).
In conclusion, the major aspect of the Caucasus population structure seems to be high overall levels of genetic differentiation, much higher for the Y chromosome than for mtDNA. The genetic structure of Caucasian groups is more accurately represented by geographic than linguistic classifications of populations. Overall, it appears that isolation and small population sizes, especially in the highland areas, have led to genetic drift and enhanced genetic differentiation. We also find evidence of different demographic histories for the Y chromosome vs. mtDNA, with the Y chromosome indicating a predominantly West Asian influence, whereas mtDNA variation in the Caucasus seems to reflect a more complex interaction of European and West Asian influences. |
Да, для неспециалистов (а много ли тут генетиков?) хотел подчеркнуть что ситуация с Y-хромосомой характеризует предков по отцовской линии, а вариация митохондриальной ДНК - материнскую линию. Как вы понимаете, разница оказывается тут ой какая большая.
(с) всем удачи |
Всего записей: 5132 | Зарегистр. 09-12-2001 | Отправлено: 21:44 20-09-2008 | Исправлено: cornborer, 22:40 20-09-2008 |
|
