karl_karlsson
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Mavrikii
Примерно так и есть, но из них только незначительная доля, которые на самом деле кроме как через шатла не запустит никак.
Похоже тут входят только некие специальные спутники и вот те же модули МКС (похоже даже не все из них).
Вот примерно следующее:
Space Launch Vehicles: Government Activities, Commercial Competition, and Satellite Exports
Цитата: In 1972, President Nixon approved NASA’s plan to create the first reusable launch
vehicle, called the space shuttle, and directed that it become the nation’s primary launch
vehicle, replacing all the ELVs except Scout (later discontinued for unrelated reasons). This
would have made NASA and DOD dependent on a single launch vehicle, but the resulting
high launch rate was expected to reduce the cost per flight significantly. The shuttle was first
launched in 1981, and was declared operational in 1982. The phase-out of the ELVs began,
but in 1984 the Air Force successfully argued that it needed a “complementary” ELV as a
backup to the shuttle for “assured access to space” and initiated what is now known as the
Titan IV program. Production lines for the Delta and Atlas began to close down, and it was
expected that only the shuttle, Scouts, and Titan IVs would be in use by the mid-1980s.
Everything changed on January 28, 1986, however, when the space shuttle Challenger
exploded 73 seconds after launch. Apart from the human tragedy, the Challenger accident
deeply affected U.S. space launch policy, demonstrating the vulnerability of relying too
heavily on a single system. Many military and civilian satellites had been designed to be
launched on the shuttle, and could not have been transferred to ELVs even if the ELVs were
not already being phased out. The remaining ELVs had their own problems in 1986. A
Titan exploded in April and a Delta failed in May, which also grounded Atlas because of
design similarities. Consequently, the Reagan Administration revised U.S. launch policy
from primary dependence on the shuttle to a “mixed fleet” approach where a wide variety of
launch vehicles are available. The shuttle is used principally for missions that require crew
interaction, while ELVs are used for launching spacecraft. President Reagan also decided
that commercial payloads could not be flown on the shuttle unless they were “shuttle-unique”
(capable of being launched only by the shuttle or requiring crew interaction) or if there were
foreign policy considerations. That action facilitated the emergence of a U.S. commercial
space launch industry whose participants had long argued that they could not compete against
government-subsidized shuttle launch prices. The White House and Congress had taken
steps beginning in 1983 to assist in developing a commercial space launch services business,
including President Reagan’s 1983 designation of the Department of Transportation as the
agency responsible for facilitating and regulating the commercial space launch sector.
Passage of the 1984 Commercial Space Launch Act (P.L. 98- 575), the Commercial Space
Launch Act Amendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-657), and the Commercial Space Act of 1998
(P.L. 105-303) also have helped. But removing the shuttle as a competitor was the major
factor in fostering the U.S. launch businesses. |
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